Martin Luther was a German monk, priest and university professor whose teachings inspired the Reformation in the 16th century. Luther emphasized that a person is saved by the merciful kindness of God through the merits of Jesus Christ alone, received through faith in Christ, not by human efforts to earn God's favor. As he put it in his Small Catechism, "I believe that I can not by my own reason or strength, believe in Jesus Christ my Lord, or come to Him, but the Holy Ghost has called me by the Gospel, enlightened me with His gifts, sanctified and kept me in the true faith."

Luther's hymns inspired the development of congregational singing within Christianity. His marriage reintroduced the practice of clerical marriage within many Christian traditions. His contributions to Western civilization extend beyond the Christian Church. His translation of the Bible helped develop a standard version of the German language and significantly influenced the translation of the Bible into English. His writings were widely read, influencing many subsequent Protestant Reformers and thinkers. Today nearly seventy million Christians belong to Lutheran churches worldwide, with some four hundred million Protestant Christians tracing their history back to Luther's reforming work.

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